One of the species of commercially available catuaba was identified as Anemopaegma arvense by comparison of its micromorphological characteristics and TLC profile with six species of authenticated plants that are commonly referred to as catuaba. The bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of this catuaba sample resulted in the isolation of one new (1, catuabin A) and three known flavan-3-ol type phenylpropanoids, cinchonain Ia (2), cinchonain IIa (3), and kandelin A1 (4) with antioxidant activities. The structures of these compounds were determined by a combination of spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, these compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, antimalarial, and antimicrobial activities, where no activity was observed.