Background: Accurate assessment and treatment of pain and stress in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is vital because pain and stress responses have been linked to long-term alterations in development in this population.
Purpose: To review the evidence of specific extremity movements in preterm infants as observed during stressful procedures.
Methods: Five on-line databases were searched for relevant studies. For each study, levels of evidence were determined and effect size estimates were calculated. Each study was also evaluated for specific factors that presented potential threats to its validity.
Results: Eighteen studies were identified and seven comprised the review. The combined sample included 359 preterm infants. Six specific movements were associated with painful and intrusive procedures.
Clinical implications: A set of specific extremity movements, when combined with other reliable biobehavioural measures of pain and stress, can form the basis for future research and development of a clinical stress scale for preterm infants.