Occurrence and behavior of four of the most used sunscreen UV filters in a wastewater reclamation plant

Water Res. 2007 Aug;41(15):3506-12. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.039. Epub 2007 May 31.

Abstract

Four UV filters, benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methylbenzylidence camphor (4-MBC), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and octocrylene (OC), have been examined along the different units of a wastewater reclamation plant (WWRP) located in Tianjin, North China. The analytical procedure included solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses. All four UV filters were detected in the influent during the three sampling campaigns (February, July, and September), and the concentrations ranged from 34 to 2128 ng L(-1). The concentrations of the four UV filters were higher in hot weather (July and September) than in cool weather (February). The monthly average removal ranged from 7.6% to 21% for the selected UV filters during coagulation-flocculation (C-F) treatment. The ozonation treatment achieved the maximum removal (16-28%); on the contrary, the continuous microfiltration (CMF) achieved the lowest removal (3.6-8.2%). The total removal efficiencies along the plant varied from 28% to 43%. These results indicate that the UV filters are not completely removed during WWRP treatment and may be carried over into the environment during the reuse applications.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Acrylates / analysis*
  • Acrylates / chemistry
  • Benzophenones / analysis*
  • Benzophenones / chemistry
  • Camphor / analogs & derivatives*
  • Camphor / analysis
  • Camphor / chemistry
  • China
  • Cinnamates / analysis*
  • Cinnamates / chemistry
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Flocculation
  • Ozone / chemistry
  • Sunscreening Agents / analysis*
  • Sunscreening Agents / chemistry
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Waste Disposal, Fluid
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis*
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / chemistry

Substances

  • Acrylates
  • Benzophenones
  • Cinnamates
  • Sunscreening Agents
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate
  • octocrylene
  • Ozone
  • Camphor
  • enzacamene
  • oxybenzone