There were no two identical wars in human history. From the medical point of view, the civil war, which is still going on in Afghanistan, also has its own face. The structure of sanitary losses, the character, gravity, and peculiarities of gunshot pathology give the possibility to call it as a mine war, because of its massive and, above all, effective mine warfare. The war in Afghanistan conclusively proves the predominance of blast injuries over other sanitary losses in the structure of combat surgical pathology, that may be considered as a common feature for the wars of century XX. The mine blast trauma must be regarded as a combat heavy concomitant trauma or gunshot blast polytrauma. This statement is the basic one for the rest of medical lessons gained from the war in Afghanistan. Using the comparative analysis of the different functions of medical service of two armies, the article shows the priority of organizational aspects for care and treatment of the wounded in war.