The analyses of chemical composition and elements in gallstones can provide significant reference to the treatment and prevention of recurrence of gallstones. In the present paper, the progess in the study of the application of modern instrument to the analyse of gallstones was reviewed. These techniques include Raman spectrum, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and its derivative spectrum, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic absorption spectrum, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc.