Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive process that occurs in response to increased physical stress on the heart. Hypertrophy, which may be induced by hypertension among other factors, is characterized by an increase in left ventricular mass and an associated increase in force production capacity. However, as sustained cardiac hypertrophy may lead to heart failure and sudden death, an understanding of the molecular processes involved in both the onset and consequences of hypertrophy is of significant importance. Calcium is a key player in the process underlying the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Recently, several Transient Receptor Potential proteins (TRPs), including calcium-permeable and calcium-regulated ion channels, have been shown to be related to various aspects of cardiac hypertrophy. TRPs are implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy (TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC6), the electrophysiological perturbations associated with hypertrophy (TRPM4) and the progression to heart failure (TRPC7). This review describes the major characteristics of cardiac hypertrophy and focuses on the roles of TRPs in the physiological processes underlying hypertrophy.