The aim of this review was to assemble current literature data on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Many authors believe that NF-kappaB, a transcription factor, has essential influence on the regulation of numerous genes in the organism. In this review, we have focused on the role of NF-kappaB and its target genes in the central nervous system functioning. Unfortunately, the contribution of NF-kappaB to neuroprotection or to neurodegeneration is not clear, yet. Therefore, its exact role in these processes and potential applications in pharmacology are still to be determined.