Summarizing our vision of hemato-oncology in the 21st century, we believe that with time, and with the expected progress in both medicine and biotechnology, the role of non-specific chemotherapy will decrease, while that of targeted therapies will increase. Unfortunately, for most tumors chemotherapy is still the cornerstone of treatment. We should therefore focus on finding more targeted agents, better tailoring of treatments, and identifying the risk factors for cancer development and the means of prevention of--what is likely to be--the number one killer of this century.