Schizophrenia is generally a chronic and disabling mental illness. Pharmacological therapy, which is used for relief of acute psychotic episodes and prevention of subsequent relapse, is essential for the effective management of schizophrenia. In order to alleviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, all antipsychotic agents act on the dopaminergic system. However, strong, high-affinity dopamine D(2)-receptor blockade may also be responsible for debilitating extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and hyperprolactinaemia. Unlike conventional antipsychotic agents, atypical antipsychotics also exert activity at other receptors, and it is generally acknowledged that, compared with conventional antipsychotics, atypical agents are associated with a broader spectrum of clinical efficacy and are better tolerated. However, other adverse effects such as weight gain and metabolic changes are cause for concern with some atypical antipsychotics. The novel atypical antipsychotic agent aripiprazole is a partial agonist at D(2) receptors that has been shown in clinical trials to be effective in treating both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and to be well tolerated, with a low propensity for EPS and no clinically significant weight gain, hyperprolactinaemia or corrected QT-interval prolongation. Aripiprazole thus provides clinicians with another treatment option, and in October 2005, schizophrenia experts participated in an expert consensus meeting that aimed to agree on a set of guidelines for best-practice use of aripiprazole in the acute and long-term management of schizophrenia in Italy. This report describes the outcome of the meeting. Our recommendations for dosage and administration of aripiprazole are in agreement with the manufacturer's prescribing information. Ideally, optimal dosing should be evaluated on an individual basis, taking into account patients' characteristics such as the presence or absence of agitation. Overall, in our experience, aripiprazole is generally a well accepted, well tolerated, safe and broadly effective first-line antipsychotic agent. Switching to aripiprazole from maintenance therapy with another antipsychotic also works well, provided the change is made gradually, involving tapering of the original medication.