Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) manifests itself as a broad clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to patent severe disease. Despite relevant findings suggesting changes on lymphocytes subsets regarding the CVL clinical forms, it still remains to be elucidated whether a distinct phenotypic profile would be correlated with degree of tissue parasite density. Herein, we have assessed the correlation between the clinical status as well as the impact of bone marrow parasite density on the phenotypic profile of peripheral blood leucocytes in 40 Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. Our major findings describe the lower frequency of B cells and monocytes as the most important markers of severe CVL. Our main statistically significant findings reveal that the CD8(+) T cell subset reflects most accurately both the clinical status and the overall bone marrow parasite density, as increased levels of CD8(+) lymphocytes appeared as the major phenotypic feature of asymptomatic disease and dogs bearing a low parasite load. Moreover, enhanced major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II density as well as a higher CD45RB/CD45RA expression index seems to represent a key element to control disease morbidity. The association between clinical status, bone marrow parasitism and CD8(+) T cells re-emphasizes the role of the T cell-mediated immune response in the resistance mechanisms during ongoing CVL. Higher levels of circulating T lymphocytes (both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) and lower MHC-II expression by peripheral blood lymphocytes seem to be the key for the effective immunological response, a hallmark of asymptomatic CVL.