The pretreated patients who isolated drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) were randomly divided into 2 groups. A multidrug-resistant MBT strain was isolated from 77 and 62.2% of patients in the study and control groups, respectively. Artificial pneumoperitoneum (PP) was applied to the study group patients (n = 95) during adequate chemotherapy. In the control group (n = 43), only chemotherapy was performed in accordance with the data of a MBT drug sensitivity test. The results were assessed by the trend in bacterial isolation cessation and decay cavity closure. In the group of patients treated with PP and chemotherapy, sputum inoculation abacillarity occurred in 72.6 and 95.8% by months 4 and 6, respectively; in the control group, this did in 48.8 and 65.1% in the same periods. Moreover, decay cavity closure was noted in 95.1% in the study group and in 63.7% in the control group following 6 months of treatment.