Human mesenchymal progenitor cell responses to a novel textured poly(L-lactide) scaffold for ligament tissue engineering

Abstract

Biocompatibility and cell seeding capability of a new cell scaffold made of textured polylactic acid (PLA) fibers was investigated as a new material for tissue engineering of anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL). Adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) was investigated after 15 days by scanning electron microscopy and standard histology. Expression of collagen type I and III, fibronectin, tenascin C, decorin, smooth muscle actin, and the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-2, as well as their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was analyzed using real-time PCR. Protein expression of collagen I and III, tenascin C, and proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) was determined by immunohistology. Apoptosis was analyzed by detection of p53 expression and TUNEL staining. MPC seeded the scaffold homogeneously and showed good cell growth and no increased rate of apoptosis. After 15 days, the matrix forming genes collagen type I, tenascin C, and decorin were upregulated, indicating the formation of a ligament-like matrix. MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were also significantly increased, suggesting initial matrix remodeling. It was concluded that the new porous PLA scaffold allowed homogeneous cell seeding, a fibroblastic phenotype and the production of a ligament-like matrix and, therefore, might be a suitable cell carrier for ACL tissue engineering.