Treatment of diabetes mellitus poses a huge medical problem. Both the transplantation of pancreas and insulin treatment is connected with numerous complications. The method of treatment which would entirely relieve patients from the necessity of insulin applications and complications of diabetes mellitus has yet not been found. The paper addresses to the issues related to procurement, preservation and culture of pancreatic islets. In this review, the current state of knowledge as well as perspectives of treatment of diabetes through the transplantation of insulin secreting cells was presented.