We model the functioning of different wiring schemes in visual projections using artificial neural networks and so speculate on selective factors underlying taxonomic variation in neural architecture. We model the high connective overlap of vertebrates (where networks have a dense mesh of connections) and the less overlapping, more modular architecture of arthropods. We also consider natural variation in these basic wiring schemes. Generally, arthropod networks are as efficient or more efficient in functioning compared to vertebrate networks. They do not show the confusion effect (decreasing targeting accuracy with increasing input group size), and they train as well or better. Arthropod networks are, however, generally poorer at reconstructing novel inputs. The ability of vertebrate networks to effectively process novel stimuli could promote behavioral sophistication and drive the evolution of vertebrate wiring schemes. Vertebrate networks with less connective overlap have, surprisingly, similar or superior properties compared to those with high connective overlap. Thus, the partial connective overlap seen in real vertebrate visual projections may be an optimal, evolved solution. Arthropod networks with and without whole-cell neural connections within neural layers have similar properties. This indicates that neural connections mediated by offshoots of single cells (dendrites) may be fundamental to generating the confusion effect.