Species-specific viruses are being genetically engineered to produce contraceptive biological controls for pest animals such as mice, rabbits and foxes. The virus vaccines are intended to trigger an autoimmune response in the target animals that interferes with their fertility in a process termed virally vectored immunocontraception. Laboratory experiments have shown that high levels of infertility can be induced in mice infected with recombinant murine cytomegalovirus and ectromelia virus expressing reproductive antigens as well as in rabbits using myxoma virus vectors. The strategies used to produce and deliver species-specific immunocontraceptive vaccines to free-living wildlife are presented in this review. Discussion includes coverage of the likely safety of the proposed vaccines as well as the implications of the approach for fertility control in other species.