The analyses of compositions of urinary stones can provide significant reference to the treatment and prevention of recurrence of urolithiasis. In the present paper, the application and research progress of composition analyses of various urinary stones such as calcium oxalates, phosphates, uric acid, urates, cystine etc. by means of modern instruments are summarized. These techniques include Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, etc.