The objective was to describe the current epidemiological status of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. For that, a search for scientific production on epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Pernambuco was carried out in electronic databases MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS. Additionally, relevant papers that have not been retrieved from the searches were analyzed. The 18 studies selected for this review indicate that: visceral leishmaniasis is widely spread in Pernambuco; human cases are often associated to anthropic pressure on the environment; and children have been more frequently affected by the disease. These results showed the need for further studies on risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in humans, the role of Leishmania chagasi hosts in the zoonotic transmission cycle, and the vector behavior in different geographical regions.