Dipole of the luminosity distance: a direct measure of H(z)

Phys Rev Lett. 2006 May 19;96(19):191302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.191302. Epub 2006 May 17.

Abstract

We show that the dipole of the luminosity distance is a useful observational tool which allows us to determine the Hubble parameter as a function of redshift H(z). We determine the number of supernovae needed to achieve a given precision for H(z) and to distinguish between different models for dark energy. We analyze a sample of nearby supernovae and find a dipole consistent with the cosmic microwave background at a significance of more than 2alpha.