The benefit of colorectal cancer screening in the average-risk population, as well as in the presence of high risk genetic predispositions, has been validated by a significant reduction of the mortality associated with the disease. Several screening options are recognized and compliance with these measures remains a public health problem. The physician plays a key role in the promotion of the colorectal cancer screening. Collecting a precise family history is crucial for the identification of individuals at high risk. Validated clinical criteria are helpful for the identification of individuals with a genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. Molecular screening for the main colorectal cancer predisposing genes should now be integrated in the clinical management of these patients and their families.