Importance of jararhagin disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains in the early events of local inflammatory response

Toxicon. 2006 Apr;47(5):591-6. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.001. Epub 2006 Mar 24.

Abstract

Jararhagin is a multi-domain SVMP from Bothrops jararaca venom comprising catalytic, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, which cause a local reaction manifested by hemorrhage, edema, cytokine release and inflammatory cell recruitment. In this study, the importance of disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin was addressed by analyzing the effects of jararhagin-C, which lacks the catalytic domain, in induction of leukocyte rolling and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Jararhagin-C was isolated from B. jararaca venom conserving the same ability of complete jararhagin molecule in inhibiting collagen-induced platelet-aggregation. Treatment of trans-illuminated cremaster muscle in vivo with jararhagin-C increased number of rolling leukocytes (approximately 250%) in post-capillary venules in all periods analyzed, without interfering with microvasculature haemodynamic, like vessel diameter, the erythrocyte speed or the blood flow rate. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 was significantly enhanced in the local of jararhagin-C injection, showing the maximum levels in periods between 2 and 4 h after treatment. Besides the action of jararhagin-C, the presence of the inactivated catalytic domain in o-phenanthrolin-treated jararhagin was related to a higher increase in the number of rolling leukocytes. Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta induced by catalytically active jararhagin were higher than those induced by jararhagin-C. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin are sufficient to locally activate the early events of an acute inflammatory response as leukocyte rolling and pro-inflammatory cytokine release and this action may add to the effect of catalysis, which enhances the primary cell activation.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bothrops / metabolism
  • Bothrops jararaca Venom
  • Catalytic Domain
  • Crotalid Venoms / chemistry*
  • Crotalid Venoms / toxicity*
  • Cysteine / chemistry*
  • Cytokines
  • Disintegrins / chemistry*
  • Endothelium, Vascular / metabolism
  • Inflammation / chemically induced*
  • Inflammation / pathology
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Leukocyte Rolling / drug effects
  • Metalloendopeptidases / chemistry*
  • Metalloendopeptidases / toxicity*
  • Mice
  • Muscle, Skeletal / blood supply
  • Muscle, Skeletal / cytology
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
  • Time Factors
  • Venules

Substances

  • Crotalid Venoms
  • Cytokines
  • Disintegrins
  • Interleukin-6
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
  • Metalloendopeptidases
  • Cysteine