Introduction: The application of the laparoscopic approach to the treatment of rectal cancer is controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the introduction of this technique in a coloproctology unit modified the quality of rectal cancer surgery.
Material and method: We performed a prospective, nonrandomized study of all patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgery with curative intent in 2003 and 2004. Patients with stage T4 tumors were excluded. Of the 59 patients included, 33 underwent laparoscopic surgery and 26 underwent open surgery. A series of intraoperative and postoperative variables and characteristics of the surgical specimen were compared between the two groups.
Results: No differences were found between the two groups in the type of intervention performed or in the rate of sphincter preservation. Overall morbidity was 39% in the laparoscopic group and 34% in the open surgery group (NS). Anastomotic dehiscence was 9.5% and 5.8% respectively (NS). The length of hospital stay was similar in both groups. The distal margin was adequate in all patients. The circumferential resection margin was positive (< 1 mm) in 10.7% of patients in the laparoscopic group who underwent total mesorectal excision and in 13.6% of those in the open surgery group (NS). The mean number of isolated nodes was 12.5 in the laparoscopic group and 15.5 in the open surgery group (NS).
Conclusion: The introduction of the laparoscopic approach in the treatment of rectal cancer in our unit has not lowered surgical quality, as measured by clinical and histopathological variables.