The familial nature of genetic conditions often requires the testing of parents and other family members in order to determine the relationship of a genetic change to a clinical phenotype or to determine potential reproductive risks. When required as part of prenatal and preconceptional genetic testing services, time constraints and the costs and risks of alternatives to testing parents require that payers have established policies for how both maternal and paternal tests that inform fetal testing choices or the interpretation of fetal testing results will be covered.