Bioluminescent systems are convenient objects to study mechanisms of influence of exogenous molecules on living organisms. Classification of physical and physico-chemical mechanisms of the effects of luminous bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi on bioluminescent reactions is suggested. Five mechanisms are discussed: (1) change of electron-excited states' population and energy transfer, (2) change of efficiency of S-T conversion in the presence of external heavy atom, (3) change of rates of coupled reactions, (4) interactions with enzymes and variation of enzymatic activity, (5) nonspecific effects of electron acceptors. Effects of various groups of chemical compounds are discussed according to the classification suggested. The compounds are: a series of fluorescent dyes, organic oxidizers, organic and inorganic heavy-atom containing compounds, and metallic salts. Applications of fluorescence time-resolved and steady-state techniques, as well as bioluminescence kinetics study, are discussed. The patterns of exogenous compounds' influence form a physico-chemical basis for bioluminescent ecological assay.