Despite efficient antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD4+ T cell counts often remain low in HIV-1-infected patients. This has led to IL-7, a crucial cytokine involved in both thymopoiesis and peripheral T cell homeostasis, being suggested as an additional therapeutic strategy. We investigated whether recombinant simian IL-7-treatment enhanced the T cell renewal initiated by ART in rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIVmac251. Six macaques in the early chronic phase of SIV infection received antiretroviral treatment. Four macaques also received a 3-wk course of IL-7 injections. Viral load was unaffected by IL-7 treatment. IL-7 treatment increased the number of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing activation (HLA-DR+, CD25+) and proliferation (Ki-67+) markers. It also increased naive (CD45RAbrightCD62L+) T cell counts by peripheral proliferation and enhanced de novo thymic production. The studied parameters returned to pretreatment values by day 29 after the initiation of treatment, concomitantly to the appearance of anti-IL-7 neutralizing Abs, supporting the need for a nonimmunogenic molecule for human treatment. Thus, IL-7, which increases T cell memory and de novo renewal of naive T cells may have additional benefits in HIV-infected patients receiving ART.