A trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery is associated with a greater perinatal risk than is elective repeated cesarean delivery without labor, although absolute risks are low. Information and counselling aim to estimate specific risks and to balance these risks according to individual factors. Therefore, the physician has to answer two questions: (i) which would be the probability of successful vaginal delivery? (ii) which would be the risk of uterine rupture with a trial of labor? The risk factors for failure of trial of labor are: increased maternal age, obesity, and fetal macrosomia. The risk factors for uterine rupture are: increased maternal age, postpartum fever after the previous cesarean delivery, short interdelivery interval, history of at least two previous cesarean deliveries, and a history of classical incision. Conversely, other factors are of good prognosis: a prior vaginal delivery and, particularly, a prior VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Caesarean) are associated with a higher rate of successful trial of labor compared with patients with no prior vaginal delivery; ultrasonographic measurement of the lower uterine segment thickness>3.5 mm has an excellent negative predictive value for the risk of uterine defect. Finally, the wish for additional pregnancies following a cesarean section must be considered as an argument in favour of a trial of labor after accounting for the increasing risks correlated with repeated elective cesarean deliveries.