The flocculation behavior of anionic and cationic latex dispersions induced by addition of ionic surfactants with different polarities (SDS and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) have been evaluated by rheological measurements. It was found that in identical polar surfactant systems with particle surfaces of SDS + anionic lattices and CTAB + cationic lattices, a weak and reversible flocculation has been observed in a limited concentration region of surfactant, which was analyzed as a repletion flocculation induced by the volume-restriction effect of the surfactant micelles. On the other hand, in oppositely charged surfactant systems (SDS + cationic lattices and CTAB + anionic lattices), the particles were flocculated strongly in a low surfactant concentration region, which will be based on the charge neutralization and hydrophobic effects from the adsorbed surfactant molecules. After the particles stabilized by the electrostatic repulsion of adsorbed surfactant layers, the system viscosity shows a weak maximum again in a limited concentration region. This weak maximum was influenced by the shear rate and has a complete reversible character, which means that this weak flocculation will be due to the depletion effect from the free micelles after saturated adsorption.