1H and 13C NMR spectra remain the first tool used by chemists to perform the structure elucidation of their products on a routine basis. It is common to provide NMR data on both proton and carbon spectra based on one-dimensional experiments, but often only proton resonances are assigned. The increasing complexity of natural compounds and their synthetic related derivatives imply the use of some more recent 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The purpose of this review is to describe the main NMR features of the most common and important classes of xanthones and also to discuss the application of several 1D and 2D NMR techniques in the structure elucidation of these compounds. A brief discussion of these NMR techniques from the point of view of structure elucidation of organic compounds will also be considered. The calculated NMR chemical shifts in the structure elucidation of xanthones and the use of NMR to study their mode of action in biological activities will be also described.