Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy are characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid fibrils consisting of 40- and 42-mer peptides (A beta 40 and A beta 42). Since the aggregation (fibrilization) of these peptides is closely related to the pathogenesis of these diseases, numerous structural analyses of A beta 40 and A beta 42 fibrils have been carried out. A beta 42 plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases since its aggregative ability and neurotoxicity are considerably greater than those of A beta 40. This review summarizes mainly our own recent findings from the structural analysis of A beta 42 fibrils and discusses its relevance to their neurotoxicity in vitro.