Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with no effective protective treatment, characterised by a massive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the subsequent loss of their projecting nerve fibres in the striatum. Because current treatments for PD are not effective, considerable research has been focused recently on a number of regulatory molecules that regulate inflammation characteristic of PD, induce neurotrophic and survival factors and reduce oxidative stress. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide with a potent anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effect, has been found to be protective in several inflammatory disorders. This review examines the putative protective effect of VIP and analogues in different models for PD. VIP emerges as a potential valuable neuroprotective agent for the treatment of pathological conditions in the CNS, such as PD, in which inflammation-induced neurodegeneration occurs.