Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is difficult, and methods to increase it are needed.
Methods: We tested the impact of supportive telephone calls in an adherence substudy of a treatment trial. Subjects initiating antiretroviral therapy received either each site's usual adherence support measures or usual support measures and scripted serial telephone calls (16 calls during 96 weeks).
Results: A total of 282 subjects enrolled: 140 in the usual support measures group and 142 in the calls group. A total of 75% of expected calls were completed. Virologic failure occurred in 97 (34%) subjects: 52 (37%) of those in the usual support measures group and 45 (32%) of those in the calls group; time to virologic failure was not different (P=.32). In each group, >72% of subjects reported > or =95% adherence, with no difference between groups. Independent predictors of higher rates of virologic failure were <95% adherence, receiving the 4-drug regimen with nelfinavir, and female sex; older age was associated with decreased likelihood of virologic failure. Receiving the 4-drug regimen with nelfinavir, higher stress scores, older age, and higher call completion rates were independently associated with higher adherence.
Conclusions: Serial telephone calls did not improve virologic outcome but had an impact on self-reported adherence.