In the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis, the connectivity and cytoarchitecture of telencephalic structures were studied by intracellular, anterograde and retrograde biocytin labelling in order to elucidate the neuronal basis of fear conditioning and context learning in amphibians. Our findings suggest the existence of a central amygdala-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis complex in the caudal mid-ventral telencephalon, a vomeronasal amygdala in the caudolateral ventral telencephalon, an olfactory amygdala in the caudal pole of the telencephalon lateral of the vomeronasal amygdala, and a ventromedially situated "medial" amygdala, which is assumed to be functionally equivalent to the basolateral amygdala of mammals. A ventromedial cellular column forms a nucleus accumbens rostrally and continues caudally into a shell-like ventral pallidum. A lateral column constitutes a dorsal striatum proper rostrally, a dorsal pallidum caudally, and a mixed striato-pallidum at intermediate levels. We conclude that the caudal mediolateral complex consisting of an extended central, vomeronasal and olfactory amygdala of anurans represents the ancestral equivalent of the amygdaloid complex of tetrapods. During the evolution of the mammalian telencephalon, this complex apparently was shifted medially and involuted.