Cognitive vitality is one of the determining factors of autonomy in the elderly. Aging is often accompanied by important changes in the central nervous system, which may lead to cognitive decline. Several factors seem however to modulate the effect of aging on cognition. For instance, older adults who engage in regular physical activity have better performances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and problems solving. This article draws up a portrait of normal aging while being interested in the impact of the physical fitness on cognition in the elderly. Although further researches are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which physical fitness enhance cognition in old age, recent studies have shown that improving physical fitness leads to better performances in tasks assessing a diversity of cognitive domains. Moreover, the impact of physical fitness appears to be heterogeneous, being of greater amplitude in tasks that tap executive functions. It thus seems that physical training could serve to enhance and maintain cognitive vitality in older adults.