We previously reported that the synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) derivatives showed apoptosis-inducing activity on various cancer cells in vitro. This study was undertaken to explore whether synthetic CDCA derivatives, HS-1199 and HS-1200, had an anticancer effect on malignant glioblastoma cells. We administered them in culture to U-118MG, U-87MG, T98G, and U-373MG cells. The tested glioblastoma cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestations, such as activation of caspase-3, degradation of DFF, production of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, nuclear condensation, inhibition of proteasome activity, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c to cytosol and translocation of AIF to nuclei. Between the two synthetic derivatives, HS-1200 showed a stronger apoptosis-inducing effect than HS-1199. In vivo efficacy of HS-1200 was tested in U87MG cells inoculated into non-obese diabetic and severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. The HS-1200 treatment significantly inhibited the increase of tumor size in NOD/SCID mice and prolonged the life spans. This study supports the possibility of synthetic CDCA derivatives as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.