Microsporidia are intracellular eukaryotic parasites that can infect a wide range of animal hosts with several genera causing opportunistic infections in immunodeficient patients. Their spore wall and their unique extrusion apparatus, which has the form of a long polar tube, confer resistance of these parasites against the environment and during host-cell invasion. In contrast to parasites of vertebrates, the spore-wall and polar-tube proteins of many microsporidia species still remain to be characterized, even though a great number of microsporidia infect invertebrates. Here, we have identified one spore-wall protein and three polar-tube proteins of the microsporidia Paranosema grylli that infects the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Incubation of intact spores with an alkaline-saline solution resulted in the selective extraction of a major 40 kDa protein. A wash of the discharged (or destroyed) spores with SDS and the following solubilization of their polar tubes with 50-75% 2-mercaptoethanol extracted a major protein of ca. 56 kDa. When the polar tubes were solubilized in the presence of SDS, two additional proteins of 46 and 34 kDa were extracted. Antibodies specific for these extracted proteins were generated and isolated by incubation of immune sera with the protein bands that had been transferred to nitrocellulose. Western blotting demonstrated the cross-reactivity of the anti-p46 and anti-p34 antibodies. Immuno-electron microscopy with the anti-p40 antibody revealed specific decoration of the microsporidia exospore. The 56, 46 and 34 kDa proteins were characterized as polar-tube components due to the clear antibody labeling of the polar filament.