Although field studies have found porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) inactivated vaccines to be beneficial in reducing losses linked to PRRSV infection, immune mechanisms induced by these vaccines need better understanding. In the study reported here, we examined the interferon-gamma(+) (IFNgamma(+)) PRRS-specific T cell responses induced after infection and vaccination with an inactivated PRRS vaccine. Autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells loaded with the PRRSV P120 strain were used to re-stimulate ex vivo T cells that had been primed in vivo by either the virus or the vaccine, or both. Virus-specific IFNgamma(+) T cells were quantified by using a porcine IFNgamma- ELISpot assay. A specific but low live virus-induced response was observed between days 35 and 70 for most of the pigs tested, while a significant inactivated vaccine-induced PRRSV-specific IFNgamma(+) T-cell response was measured soon after vaccination. Moreover, we observed that vaccination of pre-challenged pigs clearly favoured the PRRSV-specific cell-mediated immunity primed by the live virus. To characterize further the nature of the PRRSV-specific T cells, the different T-cell subsets involved in PRRSV immunity were analyzed by flow cytometry. We showed that the inactivated vaccine was able to prime both CD4(+)CD8(int+) and CD8(high) virus-specific T cells and that CD4(+)CD8(int+) were preferentially recalled by the live virus.