Stage specific management of non-small cell lung cancer is widely accepted. The use of pretreatment disease stage to guide therapy for esophageal cancer is an intellectually appealing concept. To date, there isa relative lack of data upon which one may base stage specific treatment decisions for esophageal carcinoma. This is because thorough pretreatment TNM staging is not universally practiced. As a result, stage-specific treatment varies widely. Based upon the available data, surgery alone may be appropriate for resectable, node-negative disease. In the case of clearly un-resectable disease, definitive chemoradiation is indicated.The value of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment modalities in the case of clearly resectable node-negative disease (TlN0 or T2N0) is questionable;however, in the presence of lymph node involvement (N1), or in the case of a marginally resectable primary tumor (T3 or T4), neoadjuvant chemoradiation is probably indicated. Although the achievement ofa complete pathologic response following chemoradiation may obviate surgical resection, even microscopic residual cancer can result in local recurrence. To date, there is no reliable method of ascertaining a complete pathologic response before surgical resection. Therefore, when feasible, the addition of surgical resection following chemoradiation is warranted. Future treatment trials for esophageal cancer should include rigorous pretreatment staging protocols to elucidate stage-specific results of therapy.