Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized morphine for the management of dyspnea in chronic pulmonary diseases.
Data sources: MEDLINE (1966-May 2004), EMBASE (1980-May 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2004) searches were performed. Key search terms included morphine, dyspnea, and inhalation.
Data synthesis: Nine studies have evaluated the efficacy of nebulized morphine in relieving dyspnea. Three trials had positive results, but the rest failed to show improvement after treatment with doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg nebulized morphine. The small number of subjects, variety of disease states, and different outcome measures limit interpretation of the studies.
Conclusions: Results from several small studies do not support the use of nebulized morphine for treatment of dyspnea; however, several positive case reports have been published.