St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, experienced an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in 2002, with 40 human cases and 4 deaths, most occurring from June to August. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was believed to be the primary vector of WNV during the outbreak, although circumstantial evidence suggests that Aedes albopictus also may have been involved in transmission. Dead bird reports were the 1st indication of the outbreak and were an excellent indicator of WNV activity; however, sentinel chickens were the most effective in tracking viral activity. Although sentinel chickens tested positive 2-3 wk after the 1st dead bird, they peaked at about the same time as human cases, and continued testing positive when viral activity was no longer detected in birds and mosquito pools. Lag time between the 1st positive sentinel chicken and the peak in human cases was 6 wk. If this trend continues in the future, sentinel chickens could be used to predict the peak in number of human cases. The 2002 WNV outbreak had a strong impact on operational budget of the St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement District (88% increase above the 3-year average). Vector control activities accounted for most of the operational increase and consisted of targeted population reduction of known WNV-competent mosquito species. The goal of these activities was to prevent new human WNV cases. The 3- to 10-fold reduction in vector mosquito populations from May to August, together with a dramatic drop in number of new human cases by the end of August, indicated that our strategy was effective.