Geometric phase distributions for open quantum systems

Phys Rev Lett. 2004 Dec 31;93(26 Pt 1):260402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.260402. Epub 2004 Dec 20.

Abstract

In an open system, the geometric phase should be described by a distribution. We show that a geometric phase distribution for open system dynamics is in general ambiguous, but the imposition of reasonable physical constraints on the environment and its coupling with the system yields a unique geometric phase distribution that applies even for mixed states, nonunitary dynamics, and noncyclic evolutions.