The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a cause of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions indicates that HPV vaccines can potentially be used to prevent or treat cervical cancer and other HPV-associated malignancies. Prophylactic HPV vaccines aim to prevent infection by producing neutralizing antibodies against HPV capsid proteins L1 and L2. However, because HPV-infected basal keratinocytes and HPV-transformed cells generally do not express L1 or L2, therapeutic HPV vaccines are being developed to treat established HPV infections and HPV-associated malignancies by targeting non-structural early viral antigens of HPV, such as E6 and E7 (two viral oncogenic proteins required for the induction and maintenance of malignant cancer). Results from preclinical HPV vaccine studies have led to several HPV vaccine clinical trials. If these prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines prove as successful in patients as they have in animal models, HPV vaccines may have a role in the control of HPV infection and HPV-associated disease.