Several new approaches to illness, inspired by recent advances in molecular biology, informatics and nanoscience, are readily applicable to diseases of the central nervous system. Novel classes of drugs will widen the scope of therapeutic action beyond merely modifying transmitter function and stem cell and gene therapies could offer an even more selective mode of targeting. Further into the future, nanotechnology has the potential to allow development of new medicines and novel access routes via miniaturized monitoring and screening devices: these systems, together with increasing use of carbon-silicon interfacing, will challenge traditional neuropharmacology. As the 21(st) century unfolds, the structure and function of the brain, which is incomparable with any other organ, will present unique technological and ethical questions.