Hemoperitoneum is a well-recognized, if uncommon, complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis. In this review of 424 patients maintained on peritoneal dialysis at a single center during an 11-year period, 26 patients (6.1%) developed one or more episodes of hemoperitoneum. Three patients had hemoperitoneum on two separate occasions with different etiologies. One additional patient was seen on a hospital consultative service. Three types of bleeding episodes were observed. Twenty-one of 30 (70%) were benign, consisting of pink-tinged dialysate with little clinical consequence (group 1). Three (10%) consisted of minor hemoperitoneum associated with significant intra-abdominal pathology (group 2), and six (20%) required active intervention (group 3). The most frequent cause of hemoperitoneum was bleeding related to menstruation or ovulation; hemoperitoneum was more common in women than in men. Two patients had hemoperitoneum occurring after more than 6 years on dialysis. In both, the etiology was sclerosing peritonitis, an association not previously noted. The less common etiologies of hemoperitoneum encountered in our patients were similar to those in reports from other centers and are compiled here.