Loose ligation of the rat sciatic nerve (chronic constriction injury (CCI) model) provokes signs and symptoms like those observed in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients. Neurogenic inflammation is a purported cause of neuropathic pain despite inconsistent evidence to support this hypothesis. To clarify this issue, we examined effects of CCI on microcirculation, inflammatory cell-cell interaction and cell integrity in muscle tissue using intravital fluorescence microscopic, molecular and immunohistochemical techniques. CCI-rats, but not sham-operated animals developed symptoms of neuropathic pain and oedema on the ipsilateral hindpaw. Despite signs of neuropathic pain, high resolution in vivo multifluorescence microscopy revealed physiological values for functional capillary density, leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and microvascular permeability in muscle tissue of CCI-animals, similarly as found in controls, indicating absence of perfusion failure and inflammatory cell reaction. However, CCI-animals represented with marked apoptosis of bisbenzimide-stained muscle tissue cells, as given by in vivo fluorescence microscopic assessment of cell death-associated condensation, fragmentation and/or crescent-shaped formation of their nuclear chromatin. Apoptosis was further confirmed by increased caspase 3 protein levels and positive terminal deoxyuridine nick end labeling histochemistry. The present study demonstrates that sciatic nerve ligation-induced neuropathy causes cell apoptosis without concomitant inflammation-associated microcirculatory dysfunction in muscle tissue. Beside the well-known pattern of neuropathic pain, the CCI-model has now additionally been shown to reflect the response of muscle tissue to impaired innervation, i.e. prompting muscle cells to undergo non-inflammatory apoptotic cell death. This finding deserves further investigation in that apoptosis may contribute to neuropathic pain conditions like CRPS.