Inappropriate consumption of anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic medication (ASH) in the elderly is an important public health issue. Almost 35 % of the elderly population living at home take these medications, approximately 206 days per year. According to Quebec data, people who are 65 and older take five times more ASH than people between 18 and 64. The use of ASH would not only be determined by the presence of symptoms, but also by psychosocial characteristics of the subjects. Moreover, several researchers have suggested that the family as well as the health system were environmental factors that could facilitate or inhibit consumption of these medications in the elderly. A conceptual framework is proposed to help specify more adequately the various explanatory hypotheses of this social health behavior and, consequently, better target interventions aiming at its modification.