The treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Systemic chemotherapy is associated with both quality of life and modest survival benefit for patients with advanced NSCLC. Platinum-based doublet combinations are the "standard of care." The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved gemcitabine (Gemzar), a pyrimidine analog, to be used in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of advanced NSCLC in the first-line setting. Randomized clinical trials have established comparable efficacy with improved therapeutic index for the carboplatin/gemcitabine regimen when compared with cisplatin/gemcitabine and other platinum doublets. Nonhematologic toxicities occur at a lower frequency with carboplatin/gemcitabine combinations compared with other "standard" platinum-based doublets, whereas dose-limiting thrombocytopenia, the most common toxicity, rarely requires therapeutic intervention. Both the 3- and 4-week schedules of carboplatin/gemcitabine result in similar efficacy and toxicity profiles, but the 3-week regimen is preferred. The combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine is an effective regimen with an acceptable toxicity profile for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. This regimen can also be used as a foundation for the development of innovative combinations with molecularly targeted agents.