The challenge for an immunotherapeutic vaccine is to increase antiviral responses in an increasingly immunocompromised host and to provide immunity to epitopes that have been neglected by the infected host. Therapeutic vaccination with structural and regulatory genes and proteins of HIV are reviewed. The most promising clinical results consist of short-term improvement in survival without antiretroviral therapy. Together with antiviral therapy, it is reported that immunization has provided a prolonged time to virological failure. It is clear, however, that additional help will be needed from adjuvants and/or modulators that activate natural killer and T-cells, or other immune molecules. Vaccine therapy should start early, while adequate reservoirs of appropriate T-helper and memory cells are available and still inducible.