The CO(2) production of individual larvae of Apis mellifera carnica, which were incubated within their cells at a natural air humidity of 60-80%, was determined by an open-flow gas analyzer in relation to larval age and ambient temperature. In larvae incubated at 34 degrees C the amount of CO(2) produced appeared to fall only moderately from 3.89 +/- 1.57 microl mg(-1) h(-1) in 0.5-day-old larvae to 2.98 +/- 0.57 microl mg(-1) h(-1) in 3.5-day-old larvae. The decline was steeper up to an age of 5.5 days (0.95 +/- 1.15 microl mg(-1) h(-1)). Our measurements show that the respiration and energy turnover of larvae younger than about 80 h is considerably lower (up to 35%) than expected from extrapolations of data determined in older larvae. The temperature dependency of CO(2) production was determined in 3.5-day-old larvae, which were incubated at temperatures varying from 18 to 38 degrees C in steps of 4 degrees C. The larvae generated 0.48+/-0.03 microl mg(-1) h(-1) CO(2) at 18 degrees C, and 3.97 +/- 0.50 microl mg(-1) h(-1) CO(2) at 38 degrees C. The temperature-dependent respiration rate was fitted to a logistic curve. We found that the inflection point of this curve (32.5 degrees C) is below the normal brood nest temperature (33-36 degrees C). The average Q(10) was 3.13, which is higher than in freshly emerged resting honeybees but similar to adult bees. This strong temperature dependency enables the bees to speed up brood development by achieving high temperatures. On the other hand, the results suggest that the strong temperature dependency forces the bees to maintain thermal homeostasis of the brood nest to avoid delayed brood development during periods of low temperature.