The prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) was investigated in an epidemiological study of school children from a district of Rome. Mass screening of IgA-AGA levels (anti-gliadin antibody) were determined in blood samples from the study group and the results were positive in 19 children. Eighteen of these agreed to undergo endoscopic biopsy. Histological study of the duodenal specimens revealed villous atrophy in twelve children none of whom had the characteristic symptoms of CD. The most frequent complaints were abdominal pain, aphtous stomatitis, and atopic dermatitis. The high prevalence of CD in this study suggests the necessity for the widest range of epidemiological research.