In the past decade, the leading form of specific lesion in children is tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes, whose proportion in the pattern of clinical forms is as high as 85.7%. The period of 1990 to 2002 showed a 3-fold increase in the detection of bilateral lesion involving more than 3 groups of lymph nodes; the specific processes were complicated by 3.5 times more frequently. The proportion of generalized forms of primary tuberculosis increased from 5 to 15%. Inclusion of mediastinal computed tomography into a package of studies significantly evaluates the magnitude of enlargement of lymph nodes. The polymerase chain reaction test for MBT DNA in the diagnosis of tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes in the absence of bacterial isolation yields a positive result in 73.3% of the children, which is an additional tool in the comprehensive study, which verifies the activity of a tuberculous process.