Stroke from reversible cerebral arterial vasoconstriction has been described in a variety of conditions, including migraine, pregnancy, puerperium (postpartum angiopathy), use of vasoconstrictive drugs, Call-Fleming syndrome, and benign angiopathy of the central nervous system. Although vasoconstriction is an important cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in young individuals, vasoconstriction syndromes have not been well characterized and remain under-recognized. Misdiagnosis is common because the clinical and radiological features can overlap with conditions such as primary cerebral vasculitis. With the advent of newer, noninvasive angiography techniques and the escalating use of vasoactive drugs, it is likely that clinicians will encounter more patients with vasoconstriction-induced stroke. This article reviews the history, clinical and radiological characteristics, differential diagnosis, and management of cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes.